Types of frame construction PPT

This post covers the the types of frames construction.

Frame:

ž                          Main part of a chassis.

  ž  It is a rigid structure which forms a skeleton to hold all major parts together.

  ž  A vehicle frame is a high strength structure used to support all other parts of the vehicle.

Main functions (Importance) of Frame:

ž  To support the chassis components and the body.

ž  To withstand static and dynamic loads without distortion.

ž  To resist the effect of centrifugal forces when cornering a curve.

ž  To carry the load of passengers and goods in the body.

ž  To accommodate suspension system. 

Types of frames:

ž  Tubular Section

               Excellent resistance to torsion.

                Resistance increases as diameter is increased.

Other frame sections:

1.    Hat section (Not commonly used due to weakness)
2.     Double channel or I section (Good resistance to both bending    and torsion)
3.     Channel section (Excellent resistance to bending. Resistance increases as depth of section is increased)
4.     Box section (Good resistance to both bending and torsion)

Materials for frame:

Carbon                   0.25-0.35%

  Manganese          0.35-0.75%

ž   Silicon                     0.30 % maximum

ž   Nickel                      3%

ž              Phosphorous       0.05% maximum

       Sulphur                     0.5% maximum

Sub frames:

             Normally the various components are bolted directly to the main frame.

                But many a time, these components are mounted on a separate frame called “sub frame”.

                This sub frame is further supported by the main frame at three points. In this way the components are isolated from the effects of twisting and flexing of the main frame. 

Advantages of sub frames:

ž 

The mass of the sub frame alone helps to damp vibrations.

ž  

The provision of the sub frame simplifies production on the   assembly line and facilitates subsequent overhaul or repair. 

Frame Construction

ž     In order to provide good resistance to bending and torsional effect, the frame sections are made of proper forms.

ž

  There are three common types of frame sections such as channel, tubular and box sections.

        They are made from steel or heat treated alloy steel.

Types of frame construction:

ž  Conventional frame construction

ž  Semi-integral frame construction

ž  Integral or frameless construction 

Conventional frame construction:

ž  Also called “non load carrying frame”.

ž    The loads on the vehicle are transferred to the suspension by this type of frame.

ž  The body of the vehicle is made of flexible materials such as wood and mounted on the frame by using rubber mountings between body and frame.

ž  Mostly used in cars..

Semi Integral frame construction:

ž  The rubber body mountings are replaced by relatively stiff mountings.

ž  This arrangement also transfers a part of the frame load to the body structure.

ž  This type of frame is mainly used in American and European cars.

ž  But construction is heavy in nature compared to the conventional type. 

Integral or frameless construction:

 Also called “chassis less”, unitary or monocoque construction.

ž  Used in Passenger cars.

ž  It provides stiff light construction which is suitable for mass produced vehicles.

ž    All assembly parts are attached to the body.

ž  Heavy side members are eliminated and cross members are combined with the floor of the body. 

ž  This type of construction is led to much reduction of weight.

ž  All the members are welded together and form a single assembly.

ž  Here, the stresses are evenly distributed throughout the structure. 

Chassis,Frame and Body construction notes PDF/ PPT

This post covers the construction of chassis, frame and body of the vehicle which is the one of the contents of vehicle structure and engines of the subject Automobile Engineering.

Chassis

Click: Types of frame construction

Ø      To construct any automobile, chassis is the basic requirement.

Ø        French term

Ø        A vehicle without body is called “chassis”. (A carrying unit)

Ø       Back bone of the vehicle

Ø       The components of the vehicle such as power plant, transmission system, axles, wheels and tyres,  suspension, controlling systems such as braking, steering etc.,

Ø  Electrical system parts are mounted on the chassis frame.

Ø       It is the main mounting of all components including the body. So it is called “carrying unit.”

Main components of chassis

  ž  Frame

        ž  Front suspension

ž  Steering mechanism

ž  Engine, clutch and gearbox

ž  Radiator

ž  Propeller shaft

ž  Wheels

ž  Rear and front springs & Shock absorbers

ž  Differential unit

ž  Universal joint

ž  Braking systems

ž  Storage battery

ž  Fuel tank

ž  Electrical systems

ž  Silencer 

žCharacteristics of good Chassis

 Fast pickup

ž   Strength

ž  Safety

ž  Durability

ž  Dependability

ž  Ease of control

ž  Quietness

ž  Speed

ž  Power accessibility

ž  Economy of operation

ž  Low centre of gravity

ž  Stability

ž  Load clearance

ž  Braking ability

ž  Good springing

ž  Simplicity of lubrication 

 Layout of Chassis

ž                    ž  In this layout, the engine location is at the front end of the vehicle.

      The drive of the engine can be connected or disconnected fro the gear box by using clutch assembly.

 ž         The clutch pedal provided at the vicinity of the driver             facilitates to engage or disengage the clutch with gearbox whenever required.

 From gearbox, power is transmitted to the differential through a propeller shaft and universal joints and finally to the wheels via rear axles.

ž  The radiator is placed at the front side of an engine. 

Components and drive systems in chassis

Frame:

Ø                  Frame is the foundation for carrying the engine and body of the vehicle.

Ø                  The frames are made of box, tubular, channel or U-shaped section, welded or riveted together. 

Click video:Chassis frame construction 

Suspension system

Ø  To insulate the wheel and axles from the frame in order to avoid the transmission of road effects to passengers while travelling on uneven road.

Ø    To provide comfortable ride to passengers.

Ø    To avoid additional stresses in the motor car frame.

  Steering System

Ø       Enable the driver to accurately control the direction taken by the vehicle under all operating conditions.

Ø        The system must be light and easy to operate, free from shock and vibration as direct as possible.

Ø       The steering system also helps to convert the rotary motion of the driver’s steering wheel into the angular turning of the front wheels as well as to multiply the driver’s effort with the leverage or mechanical advantage of turning wheels.

 Braking system

Ø  A brake is a mechanical friction device that inhibits motion, slowing or stopping a moving object (vehicle) or preventing its motion.

Ø  The most vital factor in running and controlling the modern vehicle.

Ø  Most brakes commonly use friction between two surfaces which can be pressed together to convert the kinetic energy of the moving vehicle into heat.

Click: Types of frame construction

ME6602 Automobile Engineering notes PDF

This post covers the lecture notes of Unit I Vehicle structure and Engines of the subject Automobile Engineering which is one of the important and useful subjects for  for both Mechanical and Automobile Engineering students. 

    Click:Vehicle construction and layout-Chassis, Frame and Body

Here syllabus wise notes are available in easiest Manner to study and this post will be very much Useful for the students and reference for the faculty members too. 

ME6602 Automobile Engineering

(Lecture Notes)

Prepared by K.Muthu, M.Tech., AP/Mech

UNIT - I

VEHICLE  STRUCTURE  AND  ENGINES

Click:Vehicle construction and layout-Chassis, Frame and Body

CONTENTS

Ø Types of Automobiles

Ø Vehicle construction and different layouts

Ø Chassis

Ø Frame and body

Ø Vehicle Aerodynamics (Various resistances and moments involved)

Ø IC engines-Components, functions and materials

Ø Variable Valve Timing (VVT)

What is Automobile?

Ø Self propelled vehicle (A vehicle producing power within itself for its propulsion).

Ø  It is used for the transportation of passengers and goods from one place to another on the road or ground.

Brief history of Automobiles

Ø Germany-Birth place-The list of German automobile pioneers Otto, Carl Benz, Rudolf diesel, etc.,

Ø Captain Nicholas Cugnot- French Engineer-Father of Automobiles

Leading manufacturer of motor vehicles in the world as follows

Ø USA- Ford, Chrysler

Ø UK-Rolls Royce, Daimler

Ø Japan- Toyota, Nissan, Honda, Suzuki, Mitsubishi

Ø Germany- BMW, Volkswagen, Audi, Skoda, Mercedes-Benz, Porsche

Ø Italy-Fiat

Ø Sweden- Volvo

Ø France- Renault

Ø India-Tata motors, Mahindra&Mahindra, Hindustan motors,

Ø South Korea- Hyundai

Basic components (Parts):

Ø The power plant (Engine)-Source of power

Ø The chassis-Supports the engine and body

Ø The transmission system-Transmit the power from engine to the drive wheels

Ø Body-Super structure for all vehicles.

Ø The auxiliaries-Electrical equipment

Now we are enter into the syllabus wise notes which is given below.

Types of Automobiles
Automobiles can be classified with respect to different purposes.

A general classification of the automobiles is shown in fig.

     (i)           With respect to purpose

          (a)  Passenger vehicles

         (Ex): Car, bus, jeep, motor cycles, 

          (b) Goods carriers

         (Ex): Trucks, Lorries

(ii)          With respect to weight of the vehicle

(a)  Light weight vehicles 

(Ex): Cars, Jeeps

(b) Medium weight vehicles 

(Ex): Minibus, station wagon

(c)  Heavy weight vehicles 

(Ex): Buses, Trucks, Trailers

(iii)        With respect to fuel used

(a)  Petrol vehicles 

(Ex): Scooters, Cars, Motor cycles,

(b) Diesel Vehicles 

(Ex): Buses, Trucks, etc.,

(c)  Gas vehicles 

(Ex): LPG, CNG vehicles

(d) Electric vehicles

 (Ex): Heavy cranes, battery used cars, forklifts, etc.,

(e) Solar vehicles

(iv)           With respect to number of wheels

(a)  Two wheelers 

(Ex): Scooters, Mopeds

(b) Three wheelers 

(Ex): Auto, Tempos

(c)  Four wheelers

(Ex): Car, Jeep, Bus, Truck

(d) Six wheelers 

(Ex): Heavy trucks

(v)          With respect to the side of driver’s seat:

(a)  Left hand drive 

(Ex): Most of the American, European, UAE vehicles

(b) Right hand drive 

(Ex): Most of the Indian Vehicles

         (vi)           With respect to transmission

          (a)  Conventional type

In this type, ordinary gear box is fitted.

(Ex): Most of Indian vehicles

         (b) Semi automatic type

A combination of manual and some 

automatic gear box is fitted.

(Ex): Most of British vehicles

         (c)  Fully automatic type

In this type, vehicles are equipped with

 full automatic transmission system by 

using epicyclical gears and torque 

converters.

(Ex): American and European vehicles

(vii)           With respect to engine capacity

The capacity of the engine is expressed 

in swept volume of the cylinder which is

 normally expressed in cubic centimeter 

(CC).

(Ex): TVS XL- 50CC,

       Bajaj Discover, TVS Sport, 
   
                  Splendor-100CC

Hero Xtreme-150 CC

         Maruti Suzuki Alto 800,

  

(i)           With respect to construction

(a)  Single unit vehicles

(b) Articulated vehicles and heavy tractor vehicles

Click:Vehicle construction and layout-Chassis, Frame and Body